外壁タイル張り層の日射による温度分布と接着界面応力の究明
外壁陶磁器質タイル張りは、市街地に立つ建築物の外装仕上げ材として多く用いられており、剥落事故が生じると建物の近傍を通行する第三者に危害を与える危険性が大きい。建物の外装仕上げ材の地震時の剥落事故が社会的問題として注目され始めたのは、宮城県沖地震以降からと言われている。一方、地震時以外に起こる剥落故障や剥落事故も同様に問題視されてきており、平成元年11月に北九州市でタイル張り層が剥落した事故は、通行人3人が死傷するという痛ましい災害で記憶に新しい。
地震時以外の平常時に発生する外壁タイル張りの剥落故障および剥落事故について、ほぼ日本全国にわたって手張り工法および型枠先付け工法に関する調査報告書を収集し、故障の実態把握を行ない、また、どのような要因が剥落事故の主因になっているかをつきとめるため統計的処理を行なった結果では、外壁タイル張りの剥落に影響する主な要因として、タイルの裏足性状および方位が効いているとの結果が得られ、タイルの剥落に関して日射による温度変化に伴なう繰返し応力が大きく影響していると推定されている。
そこで、タイルの色や形状等を変えたタイルを張付けたPCパネルを製作し、屋外に暴露し日射によるタイル張り層の温度変化を計測した。それらの温度測定結果を分析すると共に、測定された温度分布を用いて応力解析を行ない、タイルの接着界面に生じる応力を検討した。
その結果得られたタイル端部に生じる剪断応力の最大値は通常のタイルの保有剪断応力の1/10~1/2.5に、また保有垂直応力の1/20~1/4に相当し、前者の方がタイルの剥離により影響すると考えられる。
Study on Temperature Distribution and Repetitive Thermal Stress at Interface between Tile and Bedding Mortar of Ceramic Tile Finished External Wall by Solar Radiation
Ceramic tiles are one of the most commonly used finishing materials on the external walls of buildings in urban areas of Japan. When fall-off of ceramic tiles occurred as a result of the earthquake of June 12, 1978, it became an issue of concern that non-structural components such as ceramic tiles, cement mortar, window panes, etc. suffered severe damage due to earthquakes when no damage occurred in structural components.
The delimitation and fall-off failure on tile faced external walls due to non-seismic causes has also become a controversial issue. It is still fresh in our memory that there was a tragic accident in Kitakyushu city five years ago when two people were killed and another one injured by a falling object from a tile finished external wall.
Reports of non-earthquake related tile failure accidents are collected throughout Japan and analyzed for the separation failures and fall-off accidents. A statistical analysis (multiple regression analysis) is then carried out to find the main factors which affect the delamination failures of tile faced walls. It has been statistically concluded that the shape of tile lugs at the back and the direction in which tiled walls face are the main risk factors affecting the failures.
Consequently, it is surmised that the main cause of separation failure is repetitive thermal stress, in other words differential produced at the interface between tile and bedding mortar due to temperature variation caused mainly by solar radiation.
Thereupon, the surface temperatures of different colored tiles which have been applied to precast concrete panels facing north, south, east and west are measured for the duration of about a year. Repetitive thermal stress, meaning differential movement produced at the interface between tile and bedding mortar due to temperature variation caused by sunlight, is analyzed theoretically using the measured temperatures as a parameter.
As a result, the sear stress at the tile edges is 1/10~1/2.5 whilst an ordinary interface retained sear strength between tile and bedding mortar, and also the normal stress, namely the tensile stress, is 1/20~1/4. Therefore it can be said that sear stress is one of the most influential factors in delamination failures.